Socio-Economic and Humanities Studies

Affordable Housing: Concept and Affordability Measurements

David Mazáček — 2024-06-30

This study investigates the challenges of affordable housing, delving into its concept and the diverse metrics used for measuring housing affordability, which influence the formulation of relevant affordable housing policies. The primary focus of this paper centers on defining the concept of affordable housing, exploring its implications for enhancing the quality of life and addressing the complexities involved in measuring its affordability accurately. Building upon the research, the paper proposes a possible optimal methodology for measuring housing affordability. This method suggests employing a price/rent-to-income ratio, encompassing a comprehensive assessment of housing-related expenses and a refined calculation of household income. Importantly, the study highlights the need for policymakers to differentiate between home-renters and homeowners when discussing housing affordability as well as between the immediate and structural lack of affordability.

CONFORMITY AND OBEDIENCE THROUGH THE LENS OF THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Daniel Lenghart — 2024-06-30

This article aims to present basic research on conformity and obedience, which, despite being controversial, have been influential and important aspects explored in psychology and social psychology. Studies by Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram, groundbreaking and prominent authors in the history of psychology in the study of conformity and obedience to authority, are presented. One chapter is devoted to the controversies and especially the ethical aspects of the studies by these prominent authors, which have been the subject of scholarly debate and have reinforced the ethical aspect of psychological experiments with human subjects as we know them today. The last two chapters look into the application of these phenomena in the modern digital era, with emphasis on and intersection with the above theories. Also introduced is the lesser-known concept of the panopticon prison, which, despite its origin in the 18th century, represents a significant phenomenon applicable to conformity and obedience in a modern age dominated by technology.

ADULT EDUCATION IN SECURITY IN ENSURING SECURITY OF THE POPULATION

Ivo Svoboda — 2024-06-30

The present study investigates professional didactics of legal and security subjects and technical fields. The aim of the study is to present the authors’ research results in the concept and structure of this extremely important discipline in the context of the current security situation. The introduction points to the justification of the topicality and necessity of the addressed problems; the goals of the study, the content of the study and the possible use of the results in educational practice in the given fields are defined there. The article is focused on the specific concept of didactics in the field of law and security, the justification of its erudition, scientificity and interdisciplinarity. At the end of the article, specific procedures are proposed to create the structuring of this discipline while ensuring the safety of the population.

PIONEERING WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY: THE OVERLOOKED CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED WELL-KNOWN AND LESSER-KNOWN WOMEN IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY

Daniel Lenghart — 2024-06-30

This article examines the significant contributions of five extraordinary women in the history of psychology – Mary Whiton Calkins, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Mamie Phipps Clark and Beatrice Edgell. These figures broke gender and racial barriers at a time when women and African Americans faced systemic barriers in psychology. Mary Whiton Calkins, the APA’s first female president, shaped cognitive psychology and created a self psychology that rejected gender stereotypes. Karen Horney criticized Freud’s psychoanalysis and founded feminist psychology, emphasizing cultural and social factors. Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud, contributed to child psychoanalysis and explored defence mechanisms in children. Mamie Phipps Clark, with her “doll studies”, revealed the psychological impact of racial segregation and provided evidence in Brown v. Board of Education. Her research shaped the landmark decision that overturned racial segregation in public schools. Beatrice Edgell, a British pioneer of university education, was the first woman in Europe to earn a doctorate in psychology and she systematically devoted herself to memory research. These women undoubtedly influenced the development of psychology, but their contributions have often been overlooked, thus the purpose of this article is to illuminate and celebrate their important role in shaping the field. The article also considers the question of how the recognition and acceptance of women in America and Europe compares historically and asks whether women in psychological practice emerged earlier in Europe or in the United States.